xPOSITION (Leveraged Tool):

• Offers up to 10x leverage on ETH

• Fully decentralized, collateralized and on-chain

• Minimal liquidation risk

• Zero funding fees under normal market conditions, maximizing user returns

fxUSD (Stablecoin):

• Fully decentralized and collateralized with a reliable and consistent peg

• Minted and redeemed instantly in response to xPOSITION demand

• Derives liquidity from collateral and generates sustainable on-chain yield

xPOSITION is a non-fungible, high-beta leveraged long position that provides a powerful decentralized tool for on-chain high-leverage trading. When a user opens an xPOSITION, the process is seamlessly facilitated through the use of a flash loan. This is executed via an atomic transaction, ensuring that all steps are completed successfully or the entire transaction is reverted, preserving the integrity of both user funds and the protocol.

Here’s how the process works:

1. Collateral Submission

The user provides collateral (e.g., stETH), which is used to mint fxUSD, the protocol's stablecoin, and fund the leverage mechanism.

2. Flash Loan for Collateral

The protocol employs flash loans to obtain the required amount of collateral to back the leverage position. The flash loan and the position creation occur atomically, ensuring the entire transaction either execute completely or not at all, thus avoiding partial execution risks.

3. Minting fxUSD

For every unit of xPOSITION, the protocol mints the required amount of fxUSD to manage volatility and maintain full collateralization. For example, a 10x leveraged position will have 1 unit of xPOSITION backed by 9 units of fxUSD. Meanwhile, the underlying collateral remains in stETH, harnessing its yield while maintaining the desired leverage ratio.

4. xPOSITION Creation

Once the collateral is secured through flash loans and the necessary fxUSD is minted, the leveraged position (xPOSITION) is activated. At this stage, the user gains exposure to the underlying assets, and their position is opened.

Stablecoins and leverage trading are the backbone of the crypto industry. Surprisingly, most efficient approaches so far relied on a trust assumption that is the opposite of what DeFi stands for. This time is over; let's dive into f(x) Protocol's paradigm shift.

Stablecoins

Most stablecoins are either centralized, capital inefficient or have unreliable pegs. DeFi users, DAOs, and institutions need a scalable stablecoin that doesn't require trusting any entity. Moreover, they need it to provide sustainable and attractive yields.

Leverage

By design, gaining leverage exposure can be dangerous. Liquidations melt the capital of the most adventurous traders, while funding rates erode it regardless. Regarding decentralization, most perps are built on centralized layers or rely on centralized execution elements, while the decentralized money markets offer very low leverage options.

The Genesis

March 2023, the most trusted stablecoin across DeFi, USDC, lost its peg toward $0,86 due to the collapse of a TradFi institution: the Silicon Valley Bank. Aladdin DAO attended, noted the above points, and, drawing on their experience as Concentrator and CLever, decided to change the paradigm of stablecoins and decentralized leverage forever. f(x) Protocol V1 was released on August 2023. By splitting any yield-bearing asset into a zero-volatility asset (stablecoin) and a high-volatility asset (leveraged token), it has already created the most capital-efficient decentralized stablecoin ever while offering a zero-liquidation solution for leverage traders. But the system could constantly be improved. 16 months and $70m TVL later, f(x) Protocol now unleashed it's V2 bringing:

On the leverage side.

• Up to 10x leverage on ETH

• Very minimized liquidation risk thanks to the rebalancing mechanism

• No funding cost under normal market conditions

On the stable side, the first USD strategy:

• Stays perfectly USD delta-neutral

• Captures perp trading commissions

• Earn enhanced stETH yield

• Has no counterparty risks

• Is 100% on-chain and doesn't rely on RWA

TLDR: the most attractive, scalable & sustainable, decentralized, stable yield strategy.

This documentation is here for you to get all the ins and outs of f(x) Protocol. You may finds all your questions answered.

Aladdin DAO's absolute priority is to guarantee the integrity of all stakeholders' capital. Please find the risk framework applied to f(x) Protocol below.

Risk Management Framework

• Real-time monitoring of xPOSITION leverage and collateralization ratios, with automatic triggers for rebalancing or liquidation to ensure stability.

Real-Time Leverage Fluctuations

• Leverage ratios are dynamically adjusted in response to market volatility and user actions, maintaining balance across the system.

Rebalance and Liquidation Triggers

• Threshold-based mechanisms initiate rebalancing or liquidation to preserve system integrity and stability.

Reserve Fund and Bad Debt Redistribution

• Reserve funds bolster the system’s risk resistance.

• In cases of under-collateralized debt, the shortfall is proportionally redistributed across active positions if reserves are insufficient.

Recapitalization

If the total collateralization ratio drops below 100%, the protocol halts new xPOSITION openings and deploys protocol assets to restore the fxUSD peg.

Opening and Closing xPOSITION - Minting fxUSD

• Users can open xPOSITION by providing stETH as collateral. fxUSD is minted as a byproduct of the xPOSITION opening using the f(x) Invariant formula.

• The system dynamically adjusts leverage ratios and fxUSD minting to maintain overall stability.

Rebalancing Operations

• Automatically adjusts leveraged positions to safe levels (see Risk parameters), significantly reducing liquidation risk.

• This process is handled automatically by keepers.

Liquidation Mechanism

• If rebalancing fails, the protocol initiates liquidation by redeeming associated fxUSD to always protect fxUSD's integrity.

• This process is handled automatically by keepers.

Stability Pool

• Offers yield opportunities for users while serving as a peg-keeper for fxUSD.

• Maintains price stability through efficient arbitrage operations.

What is f(x) Protocol?

f(x) Protocol empowers DeFi to bring an innovative approach to stablecoins and leverage trading.

The f(x) invariant can split any yield-bearing asset into two components:

- A scalable decentralized stablecoin that captures sustainable on-chain real yield - fxUSD

- A leveraged position that delivers up to 10x leverage on ETH with no minimal liquidation risk and no funding cost - the xPOSITION.

On one hand, you can get the first USD delta neutral strategy that captures leveraged real yield (perps trading fees - ETH staking yield - FXN emissions) and; on the other hand, you can opt for a high-volatility position with minimized liquidation risk but without inherent yield.

100% on-chain & scalable. Let's get started

The f(x) Invariant is the core mechanism behind both V1 and V2. It enables non-liquidatable leverage while delivering 100% capital efficiency for the stablecoins. f(x) Protocol ensures that the total value of all fxUSD combined with the total value of all xPOSITIONs is always equal to the total value of the collateral reserves. Dynamic adjustments to the leverage ratio of xPOSITION and the peg ratio of fxUSD enable seamless collaboration between low-volatility stablecoins and high-leverage trading tools.

The relationship is represented as:

Where:

𝑛 is the number of TOKEN collateral,

𝑠 is the TOKEN price in USD,

​nf is the number of fxUSD,

𝑓 is the fxUSD NAV in USD,

nx is the number of xPOSITION units, and

𝑥 represents the NAV of xPOSITION in USD.

This formula ensures that the system remains balanced, maintaining integrity and stability across its decentralized financial tools.

Rebalancing operations are handled when the underlying price reaches a certain threshold (see ). To maximize the efficiency of these operations and ensure it is profitable for the keeper to execute them, all xPOSITIONs are grouped into the same price bands. Each price band width is 0.15%. If your rebalance price is $1710, when the price of ETH falls below that price, all xPOSITION who have a rebalance price between $1710 and $1712 will be rebalanced together.

Example

Alice opens a 2x position when ETH trades at $3000. She will be rebalanced when ETH price falls 43.2%, which is $1704 (LTV=88%)

Bob opens a 5x position when ETH trades at $1880. He will be rebalanced when ETH price falls 9.09% which is $1704 (LTV=88%)

Both Alice and Bob put in the same band. Once ETH price falls below $1704, all positions in this band will be rebalanced and brought back below LTV=88%.

If the rebalancing process fails, your xPOSITION could eventually reach the Liquidation line. If that happens, the rest of the position is entirely closed. It uses the same mechanism as described in the Rebalancing section, with two differences:

• The entirety of the debt is burned

• The liquidation process is handled on an individual position basis and does not use the band mechanism of the rebalancing process

• The liquidation bounty isn't necessarily the same as for rebalancings

Learn more about the rebalancing process here:

Learn more about the thresholds and bounty applied to the liquidation process here:

Stability Pool is a cornerstone of the protocol, designed to maintain system stability and provide rewards for participants.

1. Purpose and Rewards

Users can deposit fxUSD or USDC into the Stability Pool to earn token rewards and trading fees during normal market conditions. This incentivizes participation and strengthens the protocol’s resilience.

2. Peg Stabilization

The Stability Pool ensures that fxUSD maintains its peg to USD through automatic swaps between fxUSD and USDC based on exchange conditions:

• If fxUSD is undervalued: The pool swaps USDC for fxUSD to restore the peg.

• If fxUSD is overvalued: The pool swaps fxUSD for USDC to stabilize its price.

These adjustments are executed using Chainlink oracle prices to ensure accurate valuations, offering price stability while optimizing returns for users.

3. Depeg Protection

In the rare event of a USDC depeg, the protocol halts peg maintenance and temporarily disables deposits to safeguard users and uphold system integrity.

4. Rebalance and Liquidation Procedures

When necessary, the protocol redeems fxUSD from the Stability Pool. If the pool lacks sufficient fxUSD, the USDC obtained is used to repurchase fxUSD at a ratio not exceeding 1:1, thereby stabilizing the peg.

5. Asynchronous or Synchronous Execution

Depending on market conditions, these operations can be carried out synchronously or asynchronously. This flexibility ensures sufficient liquidity while maintaining the fxUSD peg and supporting the overall stability of the system.

Learn how to deposit into the Stability Pool and earn Stable yield 👇

Please find all the fee settings below. Mind that they are all adjustable by governance.

Want to learn how these fees are redistributed? Take a look at the section below 👇

Please learn below how the protocol ensures fxUSD's peg at all times.

Stability Pool acts as Peg-Keeper

The stability pool accepts both fxUSD and USDC. If fxUSd trades below $1.00, it will automatically buy it and sell it back to USDC if fxUSD trades above $1.00.

➡️ Ensures fxUSD stability through arbitrage operations in the fxUSD/USDC AMM pool.

Operational Restrictions During Depegging

If fxUSD is depegged, new xPOSITION openings are prohibited. This prevents excessive fxUSD minting and reduces selling pressure on fxUSD.

➡️ No more selling pressure on fxUSD if traded below peg.

xPOSITION Funding Fees

During a depeg event, funding fees are applied to xPOSITION holders. This funding is delivered to the Stability Pool, making it more attractive to USDc and fxUSD deposits, thus facilitating the peg restoration. ➡️ The Stability Pool gets a high real yield, facilitating the peg keeping.

Redemption of fxUSD

Users can always purchase fxUSD on the secondary market and redeem it for $1.00 worth of collateral, subject to applicable fees. ➡️ fxUSD has a hard peg by design, thanks to the redemption mechanism

The rebalancing mechanism

After a position is opened, the protocol employs an automated rebalancing mechanism to maintain stability and ensure the leverage ratio stays within predefined safe limits.

Rebalance is an automatic operation triggered when the leverage of an xPOSITION reaches a predefined threshold. The protocol adjusts the leverage by redeeming a portion of fxUSD to bring it back to the rebalance line. During this operation:

• fxUSD is first redeemed from the Stability Pool.

• The underlying TOKEN is swapped for USDC to maintain system stability.

1. Continuous Monitoring

The protocol continuously monitors market conditions and the leverage ratios of all open positions. If market fluctuations cause a position to drift outside safe leverage thresholds, the rebalancing mechanism is activated.

2. Reducing Leverage via fxUSD Burning

If leverage exceeds the safe limits—such as when ETH prices drop—the protocol automatically burns a portion of the fxUSD associated with the xPOSITION. The stETH backing the burned fxUSD is sold for fxUSD or USDC and returned to the Stability Pool. This adjustment reduces the leverage ratio while maintaining the user’s exposure to the underlying asset, effectively avoiding liquidation.

This automated rebalancing process eliminates the need for manual interventions and prevents forced liquidations, offering users a more secure and reliable way to manage positions in volatile markets.

Example of a rebalancing operation

Alice opens a 5x position with 1ETH when ETH trades at $3000. She will be rebalanced when ETH price falls 9.09%, which is $2727 (LTV=88%). This is how her position looks at the opening.

Lousy luck, ETH price collapsed by 10% and reached $2700: Alice's xPOSITION will be rebalanced.

Before rebalancing, this is how her position now looks:

The rebalancing process must burn enough fxUSD from her debt to bring her LTV back to 88%. The needed amount to burn can be calculated using the following formula.

This is how the rebalancing process occurs:

1. $1000 worth of fxUSD are burnt from the stability pool and deducted from Alice’s debt

2. The corresponding amount of wsETH collateral + the keeper bounty is redeemed by the keeper.

3. The equivalent amount of fxUSD or USDC is returned to the Stability Pool.

Alice'sAfter the rebalancing process, Alice's position looks like this:

Her real-time leverage was stabilized to prevent her from liquidation. She kept market exposure. If the market recovers back to $3000:

Read More:

Please find the risk parameters of the protocol below. Note that all of them are adjustable by governance.

Global Risk Parameters

Pegging Risk Parameters

As with every Aladdin DAO product, every line of code in production has been audited. Please find all the audits reports below.

f(x) Protocol V2 delivers a unique USD yield value proposition with its Stability Pool. It offers the best risk rewards strategy by being collateralized with Tier 1 DeFi assets and collecting high and sustainable yield sources. Learn more here 👇

The "Earn" section of the protocol also offers different stable strategies, such as the Curve fxUSD/USDC pool or V1 stability pool.

Learn more about V1 stability pools here.

The f(x) 2.0 price oracle mechanism for stETH/USD combines multiple data sources, including Chainlink, Uniswap, Curve, and Balancer, to calculate spot prices and anchor prices. It defines Max and Min Price for stETH/USD based on these sources and uses a governance-adjustable threshold (default 1%) to decide whether to rely on the Anchor Price or the Max/Min Price for operations like rebalancing, minting, or redeeming. This ensures accurate and stable pricing while accommodating market fluctuations. Below is the detailed breakdown of the stETH Spot Price Oracle Mechanism:

ETH/USD Spot oracle:

1. https://data.chain.link/feeds/ethereum/mainnet/eth-usd

2. https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x88e6a0c2ddd26feeb64f039a2c41296fcb3f5640

3. https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x8ad599c3a0ff1de082011efddc58f1908eb6e6d8

4. https://v2.info.uniswap.org/pair/0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc

stETH/ETH Spot oracle:

1. [stETH/ETH Curve Spot]

2. [stETH/ETH Univ3 Spot]

3. [stETH/ETH Balancer Spot]

4. [stETH/ETH Curve2 Spot]

stETH/USD Anchor Price oracle:

• [stETH/ETH Curve EMA ]*[ETH/USD Chainlink Spot]

The Algorithm of stETH/USD Max and Min Price:

• Max: stETH/USD Price=Max(Anchor Price, [stETH/ETH Spot Max Price ]* [ETH/USD Spot Max Price ])

• Min: stETH/USD Price=Min(Anchor Price, [stETH/ETH Spot Min Price ]* [ETH/USD Spot Min Price ])

Price Checking Mechanism:

• Anchor Price is used, while the price difference between Anchor Price and Max/Min Price exceeds the threshold

• The threshold is a governed parameter, 1% in default

Conclusion:

• Min stETH/USD Price is used for Open/Close of xPOSITION risk control, Rebalance and Liquidation if the price difference between Anchor Price and Min Price doesn’t exceed the threshold. Anchor Price is used otherwise.

• Max stETH/USD Price is used for Redeeming fxUSD if the price difference between Anchor Price and Max Price doesn’t exceed the threshold. Anchor Price is used otherwise.

$FXN runs under the ve tokenomics popularized by Curve. Locking FXN gets you veFXN. The longer the lock time, the more veFXN received.

• 1 FXN locked for 4 years = 1 veFXN

• 1 FXN locked for 3 years = 0.75 veFXN

• 1 FXN locked for 2 years = 0.5 veFXN

• 1 FXN locked for 1 year = 0.25 veFXN

The f(x) Protocol generates revenue through multiple mechanisms designed to sustain the system while rewarding participants and long-term supporters.

1. Revenue Sources

• Collateral Yields: Earnings derived from the collateral (e.g., stETH) backing the protocol.

• Opening and Closing Fees: Fees collected when users open or close xPOSITIONs, contributing to the protocol's revenue stream.

2. Revenue Distribution

All fees and collateral yields are redistributed between the Stability Pool and the f(x) Treasury, with the allocation determined by governance.

• Stability Pool: A portion of the revenue supports the Stability Pool, reinforcing system stability and rewarding participants.

• f(x) Treasury: The remaining revenue is allocated to the Treasury, where a proportion of it is distributed to veFXN holders. This mechanism provides long-term supporters with substantial financial benefits, fostering a robust and engaged community around the protocol.

Fees Distribution Parameters

Looking at the fee settings? 👉 Fees

Protocol Revenue Distribution Parameters

All fees captured by the Treasury are distributed in this way.

No, f(x) stablecoins are fundamentally different from Luna. While Luna collateralized its stablecoin with endogenous assets (its own governance token), f(x) stablecoins are backed exclusively by tier-1 exogenous DeFi assets.

Absolutely not. All stablecoins issued by f(x) Protocol, including its flagship fxUSD, are fully collateralized with top-tier DeFi assets. Specifically, fxUSD is backed solely by Lido's stETH. The f(x) invariant ensures unparalleled capital efficiency by maintaining the stablecoin's 100% collateralization, while the xPOSITION (v2) and leveraged tokens (v1) manage the protocol's over-collateralization.

Redemptions act as a last resort protection of $fxUSD's peg. They should only happen if the other Advanced Peg Protection Mechanisms fail. The redemption mechanism ensures that fxUSD can always be redeemed for $1 worth of fxUSD's collateral. The redeemed collateral is taken by reducing the debt xPOSITIONS, starting with the most leveraged one and not exceeding a certain proportion of each position before moving to the next leverage level. It gives an incentive to buy discounted fxUSD and redeem it for its collateral for a profit while restoring fxUSD's peg. The redemption can be triggered using the following contract. Please note that a redemption fee is applied. Redemption fees and the maximum proportion of an xPOSITION to be redeemed can be found here.

Aladdin DAO has always been a community-oriented project. Anyone can contribute to the protocol's growth and be rewarded. There is no limit to the ways one can contribute. Here are a couple of examples:

• Creating online content about f(x)

• Getting intros to the team with DeFi Funds and large LPs

• Getting intros with qualitative KoLs

• Building relevant DeFi integrations with other protocols

• ...

Anything that helps bring awareness, TVL, and volume to the protocol is beneficial. Currently, 500FXN are distributed every month among the Community Boosters. The rewards are linearly vested over 12 months. Still, they can be converted into cvxFXN or sdFXN, respectively, Convex or StakeDAO's liquid lockers to let boosters earn the veFXN yields during the vesting period. How to get started? Join the Aladdin DAO's Discord and post your contribution to the #contribute-fx channel.

Each month, the rewards distribution will be announced in Discord and on X.

f(x) Token Distribution

Token Name: f(x) Protocol Token

Token Symbol: FXN

Token Supply: 2,000,000 $FXN

FXN Distribution

CategoryPercentageVesting Schedule

FXN Release Schedule

TheFXN overall token allocationspecifies 980,000 FXN tokens (49% of max supply) to be emitted as liquidity incentives over a 50-year period, with the emission rate starting at 98,000 FXN for the first year and declining by 10% (relative) each year thereafter. Each year is divided into weekly epochs, with a veFXN governance vote determining how that epoch’s FXN will be allocated among the available gauges, the same as in the Curve’s pioneering model. In the details, however, there are several differences to Curve, driven by technical considerations in the f(x) system.

Gauge Types

f(x) Protocol supports two types of gauges: Stability Pool gauges, and liquidity pool gauges. For LP gauges, farmers can earn FXN by providing liquidity to certain Curve liquidity pools. These gauges are based on a double-gauge structure: farmers stake their Convex farming positions, allowing them to earn both Curve/Convex rewards as well as FXN. Of course, zaps hide this complexity for users who wish to simply deposit underlying tokens. LP gauge yields are boosted by owned, shared or delegated veFXN boost.

On the other side, Stability Pools are even more different to Curve gauges. First, they are not strictly gauges in the Curve sense, due to the fact that they are not tokenized. This has implications for how tokens are distributed, how boost is allocated, and more. Additionally, Stability Pool gauges can be boosted by owned or shared veFXN boost, but not delegated.

Boost Calculation

In Curve’s gauge model, all gauge emissions are distributed immediately and users with boost power take rewards from users without. The veFXN model allows each user to earn their own maximum FXN, and if they do not, the difference is rolled over and used to increase yields for the pool across the board.

FXN distributions to the Stability Pool are shared among farmers according to each farmer’s share of TVL in that pool and their share of total veboost power. Each farmer’s share of TVL in the pool determines the maximum share of incoming FXN they can earn, while their boost determines how much of that they can actually claim. Farmers with veboost power earn up to 2.5X more than farmers with none.

Farmers who have zero veboost have a boost of 1X, which allows them to claim 40% of their maximum earnable share of FXN for this epoch. Farmers who have the maximum veboost of 2.5X may claim 100% of their maximum share.

Each farmer’s boost level is calculated like this:

Maximum FXN = Total Distributable FXN x Individual TVL / Total TVL

Claimable FXN = 0.4 x Maximum FXN x Boost Level

Boost Level = min (Individual TVL x 0.4 + (Total TVL x Individual veFXN for the epoch) x 0.6 / Total veFXN for the epoch, Individual TVL) / (Individual TVL x 0.4)

An alternative way to think about boost level is in terms of two variables: A farmer’s fractional share of the total veboost (fv), and a farmer’s fractional share of the total TVL (fd). Using these terms, each farmer’s boost is calculated like this:

For an individual farmer, the optimal approach is to hold precisely the same share of the total vepower and TVL. A higher share of total vepower than their share of the TVL doesn’t help that farmer, however, the FXN system allows sharing boost power for whitelisted addresses (see below).

Rollover FXN

It is likely that not every farmer will earn their maximum share, which means each time a farmer in the pool makes a settlement transaction (see “Settlement”) there may be leftover FXN. This leftover FXN is rolled forward and treated as a new distribution to the Stability Pool, similar to FXN coming from the gauge.

When any new FXN comes to the Stability ool it is combined with FXN already vesting (if any), and the sum is vested over a new 7 day period starting at the moment of the distribution. Since distributions can come from settlement transactions at any time and in any amount, it would be possible for a small distribution to come in at an inopportune time and artificially (briefly) deflate the pool APR.

To prevent this, FXN rollover distributions which would cause the overall pool APR to drop more than 10% are held in reserve, and added to the next settlement-triggered distribution.

Sharing and Delegating Boost Power

A whitelisted address can choose to share its veFXN boosting power with one or more other addresses. This mechanism is useful for boosting services built on top of f(x), allowing many individual farmers to benefit from a single central pool veFXN. In the case of shared boosting, the total veboost is calculated using the amount of veFXN shared (i.e. that held by the sharing address) and the collective TVL of the all recipients.

The calculated boost level is applied to all recipients.Users may also choose to delegate their veFXN boost power to another single address. Delegated boost can be used to boost LP farming yields, but not stability pool yields.

Emissions Require Harvesting

A Stability Pool is not strictly a gauge in the Curve sense because it is not tokenized. This has some technical implications, but practically it means the following:

1. FXN is released by the gauge linearly over a period of 7 days, but requires harvesting before it can be distributed

2. FXN is minted when the harvest function is called (it is a permissionless keeper function). Minted FXN is vested linearly to Stability Pool farmers over 7 days.

Between harvest delays and vesting, token emissions have smoothed and slightly delayed changes from pool APRs. Things will smooth out after a week.

Settlement

Upon any deposit/withdraw/claim/veFXN top up transaction (including receiving shared boost power,) the system will immediately calculate and settle claimable FXN rewards for the period between two transactions. Even though a user may not choose to make any transaction which triggers settlement for a period of many epochs, the amount of FXN they may claim from each past epoch is locked in and does not change after the end of that epoch.

In other words, when the settlement happens, total claimable FXN for each epoch since the previous settlement is calculated using TVL and veboost values from that epoch.

Settlement happens prior to the execution of the transaction which triggers it, so any changes to veboost which result from the transaction will apply only to subsequent epochs.

Examples

Here are two simple numerical examples. Assume we only have Alice and Bob in the Stability Pool, and that there are 10 distributable FXN for this epoch:Example 1 (nobody has any veboost)

In Example 1, only 4 out of 10 FXN have been distributed, so the remaining 6 FXN are placed in the rollover reserve which will be used to increase distributable FXN in later epochs.

Example 2 (everybody has equal veboost)

All of the 10 FXN have been distributed when everybody has the equal veboost.All of the 10 FXN have been distributed when everybody has the equal veboost.

f(x) Protocol offers a very straightforward referral program that lets both referrer and referee earn extra yield. The mechanism is very simple:

• Create a referral code using the

• Share your referral link or invite friends to use your code. To use your code, they can either follow your link or click on the "Earn extra APR" button on the Earn page to type your code. In both cases, they must sign the subscription using their wallet (no gas required).

• Your friends earn an extra 0,5% APR on every stablecoin deposited into the V2 Stability pool or the fxUSD/USDC Curve pool. Convex deposits are eligible.

• You earn 1% APR on all your friends deposits.

You can claim the FXN rewards monthly by going to the referral center.

f(x) Protocol uses its rebalancing mechanism to minimize any risk of liquidation. This means scenarios where a sudden market drop that would normally liquidate your entire long position just before a rally are unlikely to occur. However, this doesn't eliminate the risk of losing money as leverage amplifies both potential gains and losses.

xTokens (v1): In highly extreme scenarios, leveraged xTokens could potentially lose all of their value. However, the protocol's primary goal is to prevent this. Multiple are in place to ensure this doesn't happen.

xPOSITION (v2): If your position reaches a price level that would normally trigger liquidation on a regular perpetual exchange, it will instead be rebalanced to a different leverage level. While this operation incurs a small fee, it keeps you as much as possible exposed to the market, giving you a chance to recover. In extreme cases where the rebalancing operation fails, liquidation may occur to protect fxUSD's backing and peg. But there is a very small risk of this occurring. Learn more by following the link below.

Stablecoins can be minted and redeemed at the oracle price, ensuring seamless functionality. For fxUSD, several mechanisms guarantee a perfect peg:

• f(x) Protocol establishes and maintains a deep fxUSD/USDC liquidity pool.

• The fxUSD stability pool offers high and sustainable yields derived from stETH staking, xPOSITION opening fees, and FXN emissions. This stability pool, which accepts both USDC and fxUSD, also acts as a peg keeper by purchasing fxUSD when it trades below peg and selling it back to USDC when it trades above.

• xPOSITION cannot be opened if fxUSD is trading below peg.

• fxUSD can always be redeemed at the oracle price for stETH, safeguarding it against any significant de-peg events. Learn more here.

xTokens (v1): In the worst-case scenario, all xTokens could potentially lose their value. Before this happens however, the stability mechanism is designed to trigger and rebalance them. However, if the mechanism becomes exhausted, xTokens could drop to zero. In such extreme cases, the protocol's total collateralization ratio remains at 100% and the stablecoin is always backed and pegged to the dollar. If the market continues to decline, the stablecoin may temporarily de-peg, with a strong likelihood of recovery if the underlying market (e.g., ETH) rebounds. For more details about the stability mechanism, please refer to the V1 .

xPOSITION (v2): Rebalancing and liquidation thresholds are carefully calibrated to prevent such scenarios. In an unlikely worst-case scenario where both rebalancing and liquidation mechanisms fail, the protocol may incur a bad debt. To safeguard users from this, f(x) Protocol allocates a significant portion of its revenue to a reserve fund specifically for such extreme cases. If the reserve fund is insufficient, the bad debt would be distributed among all xPOSITIONs. Learn more:

When you visit our V1 dApp, you might need more clarity regarding the variety of stablecoins available. Each stablecoin is backed by different types of collateral, each with unique risk profiles. Here's a breakdown of their key differences:

Each of these stablecoins is designed to serve different use cases and risk appetites. For more details, explore our .

From a user perspective, v1 offers variable leverage tokens, providing up to 4.3x leverage on ETH and 5.6x on wBTC. Most leveraged tokens incur no funding costs. With its unique value proposition—leverage without liquidation or funding costs—and a scalable decentralized stablecoin, v1 serves as a robust solution. However, the unpredictability of variable leverage may not suit everyone's needs. This is where v2 steps in, introducing a groundbreaking feature: Fixed Leverage of up to 10x, fully on-chain, with minimal liquidation risk and zero funding costs.

v2 also offers an exclusive feature through its stability pool, which delivers exceptionally high and sustainable yields derived from PERP trading commissions. These yields are achieved without exposing stakers to market volatility. The pool is USD delta-neutral and avoids counterparty risk, unlike other perpetual exchange protocols.

v1 still remains an excellent option, offering a unique use case by splitting any yield-bearing asset into two tokens: a stablecoin and a leveraged xToken. The stablecoins can harness enhanced yield without market exposure, while xTokens enjoy enhanced market exposure without yield.

f(x) Protocol prevents leverage traders from being liquidated by rebalancing the positions before liquidation would be required. The LTV at which the protocol rebalances or liquidates the xPOSITION is set by governance (see Risk parameters). The price distance to reach the rebalancing LTV depends on the leverage level the user chooses. You can find some examples of price drops required to reach the rebalancing line or liquidation line according to the leverage of an xPOSITION below.

Learn more about the rebalancing and liquidation process below.

Adding up or reducing an xPOSITION is as easy as creating or closing one.

You can create as many xPOSITION as you want; they will all be aggregated into a single global one.

For example, suppose you create a first xPOSITION with a 2x leverage worth $10,000 and a second xPOSITION with a 4x leverage worth $10,000. In that case, you will end up with a $20,000 xPOSITION with a 3x leverage (assuming you opened them simultaneously with the same execution price). Now, let’s see how to do that practically.

How to add to a leverage position

• Head over to the Trade page.

• If not already, hit the “Buy / Open” tab.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Set the requested leverage using the slider bar and wait for the preview to load.

• Hit the Preview button to review your trade.

• Review your trade and the evolution of your xPOSITION, then click the “Submit Transaction” button when ready.

• Confirm the transaction using your wallet.

How to reduce a leverage position

• Head over to the Trade page.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Click on the “Sell / Close” tab of the order box.

• Slide the bar to the desired amount / Type the amount or the percentage in the text box you would like to close.

• Hit the Preview button to review your trade.

• Review your trade and the evolution of your xPOSITION, then click the “Submit Transaction” button when ready.

• Confirm the transaction using your wallet.

To close an xPOSITION:

• Head over to the Trade page.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Click on the “Sell / Close” tab of the order box.

• Hit the “MAX” link / Slide the bar to 100% / Type “100%” in the text box to close your entire position.

• Hit the Preview button to review your trade.

• Review your trade and the evolution of your xPOSITION, and once ready, hit the “Submit Transaction” button.

• Confirm the transaction using your wallet.

xPOSITIONS offer up to 10x leverage on ETH. To open a position:

• Head over to the Trade page.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Input the amount you would like to leverage. The default asset is USDC; you can pledge other assets by clicking the down arrow.

• Set the requested leverage using the slider bar and wait for the preview to load.

• Hit the Preview button to review your trade.

• Review your trade and the evolution of your xPOSITION, and once you are ready, click the “Submit Transaction” button.

• Confirm the transaction using your wallet.

You’re all set. You can now track your position on your Dashboard on the “Trade” page.

Adjusting your leverage, suppose you already have an opened xPOSITION. You should see your xPOSITION on the Trade page in the middle left section called “My xPOSITION”. Ensure the correct wallet is connected to the dApp if you don't see it.

There are two ways of adjusting the leverage of an xPOSITION. You can modify it without changing its nominal value or top up to your position with a different leverage.

To lower your Liquidation Brake threshold, simply reduce your leverage using one of the two options below. You can reduce it by adding to your position with a lower leverage.

Adjusting the leverage without changing the xPOSITION’s nominal value.

• Slide the leverage bar to reach your desired leverage.

• Hit the “Preview” button.

• Review your trade and the evolution of your xPOSITION, then click the “Submit Transaction” button when ready.

• Confirm the transaction using your wallet.

Adjusting the leverage of the xPOSITION by adding to it.

You can also top up your position or create a new one with a different leverage. Your xPOSITIONs are aggregated into a single one with an average leverage.

Please follow that tutorial to learn how to add or reduce a position.

Where Does the Yield Come From?

The f(x) Protocol provides multiple opportunities to earn yields through Earn Pools and FX Auto-Compound mechanisms. These tools leverage BaseTokens, Liquid Staking Derivatives (LSDs), and FXN emissions to generate returns.

Earn Pools

Stable holders can stake their fTokens into Earn Pools (also known as Stability Pools) to earn yields generated by BaseTokens, plus FXN emissions. Each Earn Pool is tailored to the specific characteristics of its collateral.

fxUSD Earn Pools

• Collateral: wstETH and frxETH.

• Yield: Earn wstETH and frxETH rewards.

• Details:

  • fxUSD Earn Pools are segregated by reserve LSD, allowing for variations in yield and leverage across stability pools.

  • Pools reflect the different risks, base yields, and reserve backing of their respective LSDs.

btcUSD Earn Pools

• Collateral: WBTC.

• Yield: Earn WBTC rewards.

• Details:

  • Unlike other BaseTokens, WBTC has no built-in yield.

  • xWBTC holders pay competitive funding rates for leveraged price exposure.

  • btcUSD holders share these funding rates without additional costs, with xWBTC’s funding rate tracking the crvUSD borrowing rate against WBTC.

rUSD Earn Pools

• Collateral: eETH and ezETH (ETH Liquid Restaking Tokens).

• Yield: Earn restaking rewards, including points, without ETH price exposure.

• Details:

  • 100% of reserve points flow to the rUSD Stability Pool, along with 50% of LST yields.

  • This makes the rUSD Stability Pool’s point accrual rate significantly higher than directly holding the LST.

cvxUSD Earn Pools

• Collateral: CVX.

• Yield: Earn staking rewards from Convex Finance.

• Details:

  • Users can stake cvxUSD in Earn Pools to earn CVX staking yields while maintaining the stablecoin’s dollar peg.

fETH Earn Pools

• Collateral: stETH.

• Yield: Earn native LSD rewards from stETH, plus FXN emissions.

Where Does the Leverage Come From?

Leverage in f(x) Protocol originates from the innovative design of fTokens and xTokens, which split the price volatility of BaseTokens into stable and leveraged components. This allows users to balance between stability and risk, creating flexible investment strategies.

Key Features

fTokens (e.g., fETH, fxUSD, btcUSD):

• Fully decentralized and native to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Convex ecosystems.

• Minimize volatility while maintaining slight market exposure (0% volatility for most fTokens, except fETH at 10%).

• Support instant creation and trading to meet stablecoin demands.

xTokens (e.g., xETH, xeETH, xwBTC):

• Perpetual long tokens for ETH, BTC, and CVX with built-in leverage.

• Fully on-chain, composable, and highly liquid.

• Offer low liquidation risk, providing a safer alternative for leveraged positions.

How It Works

Depositing BaseTokens:

• Users deposit BaseTokens (e.g., wBTC for btcUSD and xwBTC) into the protocol.

Splitting Price Volatility:

The protocol splits the price volatility of collateral into two components:

• fTokens: Absorb no market volatility (0% allocation, except 10% for fETH).

• xTokens: Amplify leverage (100% allocation, except 90% for xETH).

Diversified Exposure:

• This split enables users to diversify BaseToken exposure by balancing between stability (fTokens) and leverage (xTokens).

Minting and Redemption Fees:

• fTokens: 0–0.25% fee.

• xTokens: 1.5–2.5% fee.

• Users can avoid these fees by trading tokens on secondary markets.

Earn Pools also play a critical role in maintaining stability:

• If the stable-leverage pair becomes unstable due to excessive minting of stables or insufficient xTokens, stables in the Earn Pool are redeemed for reserve assets at their Net Asset Value (NAV).

• In stability mode, this operates like automatically buying ETH (or the reserve asset) at market price without slippage.

• Otherwise, it enables farming of real, unstable yields using stablecoins.

Since the launch of the first iteration of the protocol, several tokens have been launched. Please find a breakdown below to help you navigate along them.

Stablecoins

• fxUSD: Our flagship stablecoin, operating on v2. It is exclusively collateralized by Lido stETH. While governance may introduce additional collateral types, they will always consist of the most liquid and secure assets in DeFi.

• rUSD: A v1 stablecoin backed by Etherfi eETH and Renzo ezETH. Once staked, it not only earns restaking yields but also provides points!

• btcUSD: A v1 stablecoin collateralized by wBTC. Since wBTC is not yield-bearing, a small funding cost is charged to xToken holders and distributed to stable stakers.

• cvxUSD: A v1 stablecoin backed by aCVX, an auto-compounding staked CVX created by Concentrator.

• fETH: Our first-ever v1 stablecoin, designed differently. Instead of being pegged to the dollar, it maintains stability by capturing only 10% of ETH's volatility, with its xToken absorbing the rest.

Leveraged tokens (V1)

• xETH: a perpetual leveraged token providing up to 4x long exposure to ETH price movements, backed by Lido stETH exclusively.

• xstETH / xfrxETH: ETH leverage tokens offering up to 4.3x exposure. Respectively backed by Lido stETH and frxETH.

• xeETH / xezETH: ETH leverage tokens with up to 4.3x exposure. Respectively backed by Lido eETH and ezETH.

• xwBTC: A Bitcoin leverage token offers up to 5.6x exposure, enabling traders to capitalize on market movements precisely.

• xCVX: A CVX leverage token offering up to 3x exposure, designed to enhance trading efficiency and excitement.

Aladdin DAO is a decentralized builder and incubator of cutting-edge DeFi protocols. We are a global community of contributors composed of enthusiasts, shadowy super-coders, and DeFi innovators. Our current focus is in building new approaches to yield farming optimization and automation within the Curve ecosystem and with our latest product, f(x) Protocol, we are expanding to scalable decentralized stablecoins.

To date Aladdin has built three products: Concentrator, Clever, and f(x) Protocol. Each of these protocols offers powerful new tools for DeFi users and adds new, composable DeFi money lego which will help form the basis of what we believe will be the decentralized future of global finance. Each protocol was launched independently with NO VC & NO TEAM ALLOCATION.

Understand that withdrawing from the stability pool gauge to fxUSD & USDC is a two-step process. You first need to unstake from the $FXN gauge, then withdraw this stability pool token for USDC and fxUSD. There is a redemption period (see Risk parameters) from the stability pool to prevent unhealthy arbitrage operations.

• Head over to the “Earn” page.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Look for the “fxUSD Stability Pool Gauge” strategy.

• If not already, expand the strategy by clicking the down arrow button on the right of the box

• Hit the “Withdraw” button to see a withdraw popup.

If all your tokens are staked in the FXN gauge:

• Type the desired amount to be withdrawn.

• Click the “Approve & Unstake & Withdraw” button (if already approved, it will be a simple “Unstake & Withdraw” button”)

• Confirm the transactions in your wallet.

• Wait for the redemption period to be completed. You can track the remaining time on the Earn page.

• Follow the instructions below to withdraw your Stability Pool tokens to fxUSD and USDC.

If you have some unstaked stability pool tokens:

• Click on the FXN Gauge dropdown menu and select “fxUSD Stability Pool”

• Type the desired amount to be withdrawn.

• Click the “Approve & Withdraw” button (if already approved, it will be a simple “Withdraw” button”)

• Confirm the transactions in your wallet.

The f(x) Protocol stability pool offers a unique way of putting your stablecoins at efficient work. By staking either your fxUSD or USDC, you will not only earn enhanced LSD yields, xPOSITIONs trading commissions, and $FXN but will also contribute to making the protocol robust and scalable. Remember, this is not a counterparty vault. You are not betting against traders; your capital stays pegged to the USD. Understand that depositing and staking is a mandatory two-step process to earn all the rewards. You first need to deposit assets into the stability pool, then stake this stability pool token into the $FXN gauge. Hopefully, the UI abstracts this by triggering both transactions in a row.

Let’s get into it.

• Make sure you have either fxUSD or USDC in your wallet.

• Head over to the “Earn” page.

• Connect your wallet using the upper right “Connect Wallet” button.

• Look for the “fxUSD Stability Pool Gauge” strategy.

• If not already, expand the strategy by clicking the down arrow button on the right of the box

• Hit the “Deposit” button to see a deposit box popup.

• Choose whether you want to deposit fxUSD or USDC using the down arrow

• Type the desired amount

• Keep the Stake toggle if you want to stake directly into the f(x) gauge. (Recommended - Untoggle it if you wish to stake elsewhere)

• Click the “Deposit & Stake” button

• Confirm the transactions in your wallet.

• Type the desired amount.

• Click the “Approve & Deposit” button (if already approved, it will be a simple “Deposit” button”)

• Confirm the transactions in your wallet.

Whitepaper_V2 : V2 Whitepapers X : https://x.com/protocol_fx Medium : https://medium.com/@protocol_fx_667

Discord : https://discord.com/invite/D8znPnRqZ6

Dune: https://dune.com/ivan123/protocol-fx / https://dune.com/degenerate_defi/fx-protocol-a-closer-look

Github: https://github.com/AladdinDAO

Here is a breakdown of the key features and mechanisms of the oracle solution.

Enhanced collateral price feeds: In addition to the original TWAP, spot prices are incorporated, with additional price feeds from Curve, Uniswap V3, and Balancer.

Arbitrage prevention: Minting and redeeming transactions are conducted at different prices to eliminate arbitrage trades. This helps to protect the collateral held by the protocol.

• fToken can be minted at the minimum price

• fToken can be redeemed at the maximum price

• xToken can be minted at the maximum price

• xToken can be redeemed at the minimum price

Risk management

The collateralization ratio is calculated at the maximum price as well as stability pool liquidations. This ensures that risk is managed effectively and liquidations occur at appropriate levels to maintain system stability.

Net Asset Value

The NAV is calculated based on TWAP during the non-transacting periods. This NAV calculation can serve as an oracle price feed for various DeFi applications integrating f(x) assets.

Additional protection measures for xTokens

To prevent arbitrage trades, xTokens cannot be both minted and redeemed within the same block. Additionally, a transfer of xTokens cannot occur within a specified timeframe of thirty minutes after minting. These measures help in mitigating potential exploits and maintaining price integrity.

[ETH/USD Spot] has 4 price sources, which are:

1. https://data.chain.link/feeds/ethereum/mainnet/eth-usd

2. https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x88e6a0c2ddd26feeb64f039a2c41296fcb3f5640

3. https://info.uniswap.org/#/pools/0x8ad599c3a0ff1de082011efddc58f1908eb6e6d8

4. https://v2.info.uniswap.org/pair/0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc

stETH New oracle:

1. [stETH/ETH Curve EMA ]*[ETH/USD Chainlink TWAP]

2. [stETH/ETH Curve Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

3. [stETH/ETH Univ3 Spot] *[ ETH/USD Spot ]

4. [stETH/ETH Balancer Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

5. [stETH/ETH Curve2 Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

frxETH New oracle:

1. [Curve frxETH/WETH EMA] * [Chainlink ETH/USD TWAP]

2. [Curve frxETH/WETH Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

3. [Curve frxeth Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

4. [Curve stETH/frxETH Spot] * [Curve steth Spot] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

weETH New oracle:

1. [RedStone weETH/ETH Twap] * [Chainlink ETH/USD TWAP]

2. [Uniswap V3 ETH/weETH 0.05%] * [ETH/USD Spot ]/weETH.getRate()

3. [Uniswap V3 wstETH/weETH 0.05%] *[wstETH/stETH rate] * [ Curve steth-ng]* [ETH/USD Spot ]

4. [Curve weETH/ETH] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

ezETH New oracle:

1. [RedStone ezETH/ETH Twap] * [Chainlink ETH/USD TWAP]

2. [Curve ezETH/ETH] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

3. [Balancer V2 Stable] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

WBTC New oracle:

1. [Chainlink WBTC/BTC Twap] * [Chainlink BTC/USD Twap]

2. [WBTC/USDC spot price of Curve TriCryptoUSDC]

3. [Uniswap V3 WBTC/USDC 0.3% Spot ]

4. [Uniswap V3 WBTC/ETH 0.3% Spot] * [Uniswap V3 USDC/ETH 0.05% Spot]

CVX oracle:

1. [Chainlink CVX/USD Twap]

2. [Chainlink CVX/USD Spot]

3. [Curve CVX/ETH] * [ETH/USD Spot ]

Code: https://github.com/AladdinDAO/aladdin-v3-contracts/pull/198​

Github: https://github.com/AladdinDAO

Github(f(x) Protocol 2.0): https://github.com/AladdinDAO/fx-protocol-contracts/blob/main/ignition/deployments/ethereum/deployed_addresses.json

aFXN:

• Description: aFXN is an auto-compounding asset derived from cvxFXN.

• Yield: Staking cvxFXN earns:

  • Rewards from veFXN.

  • A share of boosted FXN earnings and CVX tokens from Convex LPs.

• Important:

  • Converting FXN to cvxFXN is irreversible.

  • You can stake and unstake cvxFXN tokens but cannot revert them to FXN.

  • Secondary markets allow trading cvxFXN for FXN at market rates.

• Addresses:

  • FXN Token Address: 0x365AccFCa291e7D3914637ABf1F7635dB165Bb09

  • cvxFXN Token Address: 0x183395DbD0B5e93323a7286D1973150697FFFCB3

  • Deposit Contract Address: 0x56B3c8eF8A095f8637B6A84942aA898326B82b91

  • Stake Contract Address: 0xEC60Cd4a5866fb3B0DD317A46d3B474a24e06beF

arUSD:

• Description: arUSD is an auto-compounding asset based on rUSD staked in Earn Pools.

• Yield: Earn up to ~6x ether.fi loyalty points and ~2x EigenLayer points.

• Collateral: rUSD.

f(x) protocol 2.0

Find it in here.

f(x) protocol 1.0

• Fx.Governance

• Fx.stETH

Governance

Price Oracle

Liquidity Gauge

Rebalance Pool Gauge

fxUSD, beta = 0

• FxUSD: 0x085780639CC2cACd35E474e71f4d000e2405d8f6

• FxUSDRebalancer: 0x78c3aF23A4DeA2F630C130d2E42717587584BF05

fstETH & xstETH

ffrxETH & xfrxETH

rUSD, beta = 0

• rUSD: 0x65D72AA8DA931F047169112fcf34f52DbaAE7D18

• FxUSDRebalancer: 0x78c3aF23A4DeA2F630C130d2E42717587584BF05

feETH & xeETH

fezETH & xezETH

btcUSD, beta = 0

• btcUSD: 0x9D11ab23d33aD026C466CE3c124928fDb69Ba20E

• FxUSDRebalancer: 0x78c3aF23A4DeA2F630C130d2E42717587584BF05

fWBTC & xWBTC

funiBTC & xuniBTC

cvxUSD, beta = 0

• cvxUSD: 0x9f0D5E33617A1Db6f1CBd5580834422684f09269

• FxUSDRebalancer: 0x78c3aF23A4DeA2F630C130d2E42717587584BF05

fCVX & xCVX

f(x) on stETH, beta = 0.1

Rebalance Pool

• RebalancePoolRegistry: 0x4eEfea49e4D876599765d5375cF7314cD14C9d38

• RebalancePoolSplitter: 0x79c5f5b0753acE25ecdBdA4c2Bc86Ab074B6c2Bb

• Gauge: 0x9710ca7f3edd4893f399c89ea184d92cc7172e28

• RebalancePoolGaugeClaimer: 0x81243a88Dd9Fb963c643bD3f2194c2cA9CCFc428

Revenue Sharing

Bridging

fETH

• Ethereum ProxyOFT: 0xc608Dfb90A430Df79a8a1eDBC8be7f1A0Eb4E763

xETH

• Ethereum ProxyOFT: 0x535f7Ca9637A5099DB568b79a3624CFd6B5fc833

FXN

• Ethereum ProxyOFT: 0x808130d89fC067a7a8D9dDF4ca2abf6EB5Ed3B32

arUSD (4626)

• Ethereum ProxyOFT: 0xeC4840cD835A1f31E7f77def10Aa7f6bE802E539

f(x) Protocol 2.0 Gtihub: https://github.com/AladdinDAO/fx-protocol-contracts/tree/main f(x) Protocol 2.0 Contracts: https://github.com/AladdinDAO/fx-protocol-contracts/blob/main/ignition/deployments/ethereum/deployed_addresses.json